Patients were not significantly more likely to receive modafinil relative to primary care physicians and other specialists when treated by pulmonologists and otolaryngologists.Patients were more likely to receive modafinil concurrently with antidepressants (OR, 8.4; 95% CI, 5.4-13.2), benzodiazepines (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 3.5-10.3), and amphetamines (OR, 8.7; 95%, 4.2-18.6).