A system according to claim 1 wherein the array of chemo/electro-active materials comprises at least one of the chemo/electro-active materials in the group consisting of CeaOx, NbOx, SnOx, and ZnOx, wherein a is about 0.0005 to about 1, and x is a number sufficient so that the oxygen present balances the charges of the other elements in the compound.