The effect was better than that of 6-gingerol, wogonin, or N-monomethyl-l-arginine, agents previously reported to inhibit nitric oxide. 6-Shogaol exerted its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1?? (IL-1??) and tumor necrosis factor-?? (TNF-??), and by downregulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p38 m