. "Highly fluorinated or perfluorinated alkenes that can be removed, immobilized, or quantified according to the method of the invention include alkenes of the formula wherein A=F or Rf; X=H, F, Cl, Rf or YRf; Z=H, F, Cl, or Rf; and Y=O, N, or S; with the proviso that at least one A=F, and at most one of Z and X is H; wherein each Rf is independently selected from the group consisting of highly fluor" . . . .