. . . . . "The dye-sensitized solar cell of claim 12, wherein each of A, B, C, and D independently comprises a substituent including a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, a halogen, a nitro group, a cyano group, an amino group, an acyl groups, an acyloxy group, an acylamino group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonyl group, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a haloalkyl group, an alkylamino group, an alkylsulfonyl grou" . .