. . "FIG. 48: FIG. 48(a)-(e) schematically illustrate exemplary structures of the invention comprising size-randomized pore formation on flat or non-flat TiO2 covered surface such as a Ti plate, sheet, wire, mesh, or foam by using semi-wettable or island-forming coating as a local mask: 48(a), illustrates a starting material comprising, e.g., a cylinder or random shape substrate/implant pre-oxidized Ti" . .