For example, torque applied to a bolt or other component may be determined by measuring, with an apparatus according to the invention, the perpendicular force (Fp) applied to a lever-arm of known length (L) about an axis of rotation, e.g., a wrench handle, and calculating a torque (T) as the product of the applied perpendicular force (Fp) and lever-arm length, i.e., T=Fp???L. The present invention