W-Poly-X can be linked to a macromolecule or surface through a linkage formed between the first reactive functional group X and a suitable moiety on the surface of the macromolecule, thus conjugating the W-Poly-portion of the polymer to the macromolecule: W-Poly-M1 where M1 is a macromolecule such as protein, peptide, lipid, drug, polysaccharide, or other polymers, or surface of a substance, e.g.,