Conversely, with the preferred nonpolar or weakly polar substrates such as, for example, alkanes or aromatic hydrocarbons or halohydrocarbons as liquids or poly(olefins), vinyl polymers, such as polystyrene, polymethacrylates, or elastomers, such as ethylene propylene diene monomer copolymers as polymer substrates--functionalization should impart a nonpolar or weakly polar region to the counter-io