Cold-waves also affect health in warmer climates, such as in South-East Asia (EM-DAT, 2006). 8.2.1.3 Estimates of heat and cold effects Methods for the quantification of heat and cold effects have seen rapid development (Braga et al., 2002; Curriero et al., 2002; Armstrong et al., 2004), including the identification of medical, social, environmental and other factors that modify the temperature???