Special thanks to all the PetroleumEngineering faculty for valuable discussions.I extend many thanks to my friends especially Hong Tang, Xin Li, Shengkai Duan, andCharisma Lattao and colleagues especially Mike Shook of Chevron, Ricard Sech of Exxon-Mobil and Bill Cleary of BHP-Billiton for their valuable guidance.Finally, I???d like to thank my family.