complications including inflammation, autoimmune disorders, fibrosis, cancer and cataracts.[28][29] In most cases an activated TGF-?? ligand will initiate the TGF-?? signaling cascade as long as TGF-?? receptors I and II are within reach, this is due to high affinity between TGF-?? and its receptors, suggesting why the TGF-?? signaling recruits a latency system to mediate its signaling.[23]