ts Watch 2003 www.hrw.org; Oeter Methods and Means of Combat 163. 93 Article 52 AP I states: in case of doubt whether an object which is normally dedicated to civilian purposes, such as a place of worship, a house, or other dwelling or a school, is being used to make an effective contribution to military action, it shall be presumed not to be so used. 94 Gillard 2006 IRRC 540. 95 Cameron 2006