Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 6 (May 1911), p. 124, ill. p. 122, dates this painting probably later than the version at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, noting that the signature of both works, with a winged serpent, means they must date after the artist was granted this crest in 1508; notes that areas of overpainting have been removed, particularly on the head and neck of Holofernes.