Chemical AnalysesSpectrophotometric Analysis of Total PolyphenolsThe total amount of polyphenols was quantified with an optimized Folin-Ciocalteu method [28] according to which interfering compounds such as sugars, amino acids, and ascorbic acid were removed by cleanup on a C-18 cartridge (0.5???g, Sep pak, Waters) from the sample reconstituted in water as described above.