In addition to control-ling the cell cycle and apoptosis, the interaction between Rb and E2F1 regulates macroautophagy; RB and E2F1 downregulate and upregulate Bcl-2, respectively, resulting in the induction of macroautophagy or apoptosis.261reactive oxygen species (ROS): These are chemically-reactive molecules that contain oxygen, including hydrogen peroxide, the hydroxyl radical ??OH, and the su