Indeed, for neuroinflammation, chronic expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1/CCL2, a major mononuclear phagocyte chemoattractant, recruits monocytes and macrophages into the brain and enhances diffuse plaque formation in APP/CCL2 bigenic mice.15 Moreover, proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-??, interleukin (IL)-1??, transforming growth factor (TGF)-1??, and tumor necrosis fa