There were only two Markov models [54,55] of physical activity: the CDC MOVE Markov model was based on five diseases (i.e., coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, T2DM, breast cancer, and colon cancer), which led to underestimated cost-effectiveness, as physical activity also affects other diseases such as depression or anxiety [58].Indirectly measuring the level of physical activity (e.g., via