Where had orcs come from if this was not a Manichaean set-up? (They are ???pre-existing real beings on whom the Dark Lord has exerted the fullness of his power in remodelling and corrupting them???.) Did Gandalf really die in the pit of Moria? (He ???sacrificed himself, was accepted, and enhanced, and returned???.)One of the main struts of Shippey???s argument that Tolkien was a writer of the 20th