Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range, such as ???1 to 500??? or ???C1-C500???, refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., ???C1-C500 alkyl??? means that an alkyl group may comprise only 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 500 carbon atoms, although the term ???alkyl??? also includes instances where no numerical range of carbon atoms is designated