The highly disulfide-linked ATIs stimulate monocytes, macrophages, and DCs in vitro to produce IL-8 and other inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, TNF, MCP-1, or RANTES. Notably, feeding ATIs to C57BL/6J mice resulted in up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in their duodenal mucosa, which confirms resistance of ATIs to enteric proteases and their stimulatory potential in vivo.ATI, a ???cont