The intercalants are introduced in the form of a solid or liquid composition (neat or aqueous, with or without an organic solvent, e.g., an aliphatic hydrocarbon, such as heptane) having an intercalant concentration of at least about 2%, preferably at least about 5% by weight intercalant, more preferably at least about 50% to about 100% by weight intercalant in the intercalating composition, based