They have been thought to work as antioxidants [1,2] and as blue light filters [3] to protect the eyes from such oxidative stresses as cigarette smoking and sunlight exposure, which can lead to age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. ??-Cryptoxanthin, a major xanthophyll in fruits such as papaya and mandarin orange, was reported to decrease the gene expression of interleukin-1?? in mouse m