At the present time, this method has been used to synthesize the research on various forms of grouping by ability for elementary and secondary students in seven different reports, but the Kuliks (Kulik, 1985; Kulik & Kulik, 1982, 1984,1990) and Vaughn, Feldhusen, and Asher (1991) have directly applied this method to the grouping research on gifted and talented students.