Conversely, elevated levels of several macrophage-driven proinflammatory cytokines are present in many cases, including IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-?? [37,40,41], and the presence of TNF-?? and IL-6 expression by CD68+ macrophages has been demonstrated in the hepatic parenchyma of patients with hemophagocytic syndromes [42].