Furthermore, it was established that proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1, modulate the cell-to-cell communication and connexin 43 levels in vitro [58].It is worth noting that Cx43 and AR alterations in the prostates demonstrated in the present study are different than alterations recently observed in testes and epididymides of flutamide-exposed boars [9, 10].