? j ??? ( w D ??? ??? n + ?? ) [0032] in which [0033]s 0(n)=A???d {floor(n/N dP)}r(n mod N cp). [0034] Here, s(n) is the received signal at the receiver, xnoise(n) is the noise component of the received signal, A is a scaling factor, s0(n) is the signal with zero code phase and Doppler frequency or other frequency shift offsets, nc is the unknown code phase of the received signal (with respect to