erene nanotubes, silica nanogels, and alumina nano-fibers, as well as metal and metal oxide powders including aluminum oxide (AlO3), titanium oxide (TiO2), tungsten oxide, zirconium oxide, gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt) and magnetic or paramagnetic materials such as neodinium iron boron or super paramagnetic ferrite oxide (Fe3O4) or super paramagnetic maghemite (Fe2O3); organic materials in