Several studies have demonstrated that Stx induces the expression of IL-8 and MCP-1 in intestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and monocytes and that the levels of IL-8 and MCP-1 are significantly increased in urine samples collected from patients with HUS. It has, therefore, been suggested that chemokines such as IL-8 and MCP-1 play a specific role in the pathogenesis of HUS. For HUS pati