where g is the gradient of the chirp, N is the number of samples in the sequence, n is a sample in the sequence, p is the symbol\'s value, fn(p) is a function that encodes p onto the received chirp, which implicitly may also be a function of g, n, N and other constants, and C is the received chirp sequence, which is normally evaluated for all integer values of n from 0 to N???1 in order.