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| - Conventional modified radical mastectomy with axillary dissection using scalpel, clamp-and-tie techniques, and electrocautery is frequently associated with complications such as seroma and lymphedema.3- 11,17,20 Other less common complications include hematoma, prolonged axillary drainage, wound infection or necrosis, and intraoperative and postoperative bleeding.6,7,12,21
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