The nanoparticle of claim 33, wherein the capping agent has a general formula of (R)n???X, wherein each R group is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an aryl group having between 1 and 20 carbon atoms and an alkyl group having between 1 and 20 carbon atoms, X is an atom or functional group capable of binding to a nanoparticle surface, and n is an integer of at least 1.